Chapter-7 Law and Sustainable Development — Online MCQ Test
LEGAL STUDIES · Grade 12 · CBSE(NCERT)
Practice Chapter-7 Law and Sustainable Development with a free chapter-wise online MCQ test.
This chapter covers: sustainable development - environmental law - climate change - international environmental law.
AI-generated questions from basic to board-exam level, with instant results and explanations.
Chapter-7 Law and Sustainable Development — Important Questions & Answers
What is the primary definition of Sustainable Development as per the Brundtland Commission Report?
- A. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
- B. Development that only focuses on economic growth
- C. Development that prioritizes environmental protection over human needs
- D. Development that is achieved through rapid industrialization
Answer: A. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
The Brundtland Commission (1987) defined sustainable development as development that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.
The Brundtland Commission (1987) defined sustainable development as development that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.
Which of the following is NOT a pillar of Sustainable Development?
- A. Economic pillar
- B. Social pillar
- C. Environmental pillar
- D. Technological monopoly pillar
Answer: D. Technological monopoly pillar
Sustainable development is based on three pillars: economic, social, and environmental. Technological monopoly is not a recognized pillar of sustainable development.
Sustainable development is based on three pillars: economic, social, and environmental. Technological monopoly is not a recognized pillar of sustainable development.
The Environment Protection Act in India was enacted in which year?
- A. 1972
- B. 1986
- C. 1992
- D. 2005
Answer: B. 1986
The Environment Protection Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1986 to provide comprehensive protection and improvement of the environment.
The Environment Protection Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1986 to provide comprehensive protection and improvement of the environment.
What is the primary focus of the Montreal Protocol?
- A. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- B. Phasing out ozone-depleting substances
- C. Protecting biodiversity in developing nations
- D. Managing international water resources
Answer: B. Phasing out ozone-depleting substances
The Montreal Protocol (1987) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
The Montreal Protocol (1987) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
The Kyoto Protocol primarily aims to reduce which of the following?
- A. Water pollution
- B. Greenhouse gas emissions
- C. Soil degradation
- D. Plastic waste
Answer: B. Greenhouse gas emissions
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international agreement that commits signatory nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide and methane.
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international agreement that commits signatory nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide and methane.
Which principle suggests that polluters should bear the cost of pollution they cause?
- A. Polluter Pays Principle
- B. Common but Differentiated Responsibility
- C. Precautionary Principle
- D. Equity Principle
Answer: A. Polluter Pays Principle
The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is an environmental policy principle that requires those responsible for producing pollution to bear the costs of managing it.
The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is an environmental policy principle that requires those responsible for producing pollution to bear the costs of managing it.
Analyze the relationship between India's constitutional provisions and its environmental laws. Which combination correctly reflects this relationship?
- A. Article 48A provides the constitutional framework, while the Environment Protection Act, 1986 provides implementation mechanisms
- B. Constitutional articles contradict environmental laws in India
- C. The Environment Protection Act, 1986 is superior to constitutional provisions
- D. Constitutional provisions have no connection to environmental legislation
Answer: A. Article 48A provides the constitutional framework, while the Environment Protection Act, 1986 provides implementation mechanisms
Article 48A of the Constitution establishes the state's duty to protect the environment, while the Environment Protection Act, 1986 provides the legal framework and mechanisms for implementing these constitutional directives.
Article 48A of the Constitution establishes the state's duty to protect the environment, while the Environment Protection Act, 1986 provides the legal framework and mechanisms for implementing these constitutional directives.
How do the principles of the Paris Agreement differ from the Kyoto Protocol in addressing climate change?
- A. The Paris Agreement uses mandatory emission reduction targets like the Kyoto Protocol
- B. The Paris Agreement employs nationally determined contributions and aims for greater inclusivity compared to the Kyoto Protocol
- C. The Kyoto Protocol is more effective than the Paris Agreement
- D. Both agreements use identical mechanisms and targets
Answer: B. The Paris Agreement employs nationally determined contributions and aims for greater inclusivity compared to the Kyoto Protocol
The Paris Agreement (2015) shifted from mandatory targets to nationally determined contributions, allowing flexibility for different nations while aiming for greater participation and inclusivity compared to the earlier Kyoto Protocol.
The Paris Agreement (2015) shifted from mandatory targets to nationally determined contributions, allowing flexibility for different nations while aiming for greater participation and inclusivity compared to the earlier Kyoto Protocol.
In the case of Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, the Supreme Court applied which principles to address environmental violations in industrial areas?
- A. Only the Polluter Pays Principle
- B. Only the Precautionary Principle
- C. Both the Polluter Pays Principle and the Precautionary Principle, establishing that polluters must bear the cost and preventive action is necessary
- D. Neither principle was applicable
Answer: C. Both the Polluter Pays Principle and the Precautionary Principle, establishing that polluters must bear the cost and preventive action is necessary
The Vellore case established that courts would apply both the Polluter Pays Principle (making polluters financially responsible) and the Precautionary Principle (requiring preventive action) in environmental matters.
The Vellore case established that courts would apply both the Polluter Pays Principle (making polluters financially responsible) and the Precautionary Principle (requiring preventive action) in environmental matters.
A multinational corporation claims that the Polluter Pays Principle violates its property rights and economic freedom. How would a court likely address this under Indian law, considering sustainable development?
- A. Property rights are absolute and the Polluter Pays Principle cannot apply
- B. Economic freedom allows unrestricted industrial activity regardless of pollution
- C. Environmental rights are fundamental human rights that can reasonably restrict economic activity, and the Polluter Pays Principle is a legitimate regulation under Article 51A(g) of the Constitution
- D. The corporation should be exempt from environmental laws as a multinational entity
Answer: C. Environmental rights are fundamental human rights that can reasonably restrict economic activity, and the Polluter Pays Principle is a legitimate regulation under Article 51A(g) of the Constitution
Indian courts have held that environmental protection is a fundamental right and a duty of citizens under Article 51A(g), and legitimate environmental regulations like PPP can constrain economic freedoms when necessary to protect public health and the environment.
Indian courts have held that environmental protection is a fundamental right and a duty of citizens under Article 51A(g), and legitimate environmental regulations like PPP can constrain economic freedoms when necessary to protect public health and the environment.