CBSE(NCERT) GRADE 12 ENGLISH 2026 SET2

Science fiction, often abbreviated as sci-fi, is a genre of literature and film that explores imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced technology, space exploration, time travel, and extra-terrestrial life. While sci-fi has long captivated audiences in western countries, its growth in India has been comparatively slower. However, the genre is gradually gaining popularity among Indian readers and writers. (2) One of the major advantages of science fiction is its ability to stimulate imagination and curiosity. It encourages readers to think beyond the present and explore possibilities that lie in the future. For students and young readers, sci-fi can act as a bridge between literature and science, making learning more engaging. Books like Isaac Asimov’s Foundation or Indian writer Samit Basu’s Turbulence have introduced scientific ideas in exciting narratives. (3) Science fiction also reflects social and ethical concerns. In a rapidly changing world, sci-fi allows authors to speculate on how technology might shape society, for better or worse. In India, where issues like climate change, overpopulation, and digital surveillance are becoming more relevant, science fiction provides a creative lens through which these problems can be examined. (4) Despite its potential, science fiction remains a niche genre in India. One of the key disadvantages is the lack of access to quality sci-fi literature in Indian languages. Most of the well-known works are written in English, which limits their reach. Moreover, there is a lack of mainstream platforms that promote Indian sci-fi writers. Many readers are unaware of homegrown authors contributing meaningfully to the genre. (5) To enhance the science fiction reading experience in India, several steps can be taken. Schools and colleges can include sci-fi stories in their curriculum to expose students to the genre early on. Indian authors should be encouraged to write in regional languages to broaden the audience base. Libraries and online platforms can host reading clubs and discussions to make science fiction more interactive and engaging. (6) In conclusion, science fiction has immense potential to grow in India. With the right support and exposure, it can become a powerful tool to inspire imagination, promote scientific thinking, and spark conversations about the future.

(1) In India, science fiction has not yet achieved the level of popularity or recognition that it enjoys in many western countries. While science fiction is a thriving genre in the West, in India it is still in its early stages of development. This difference can be attributed to several factors, including cultural preferences, lack of awareness, and limited exposure. (2) Despite this, science fiction can play an important role in shaping the minds of young readers. It encourages curiosity, imagination, and critical thinking. By exposing children and adolescents to futuristic ideas, it can also inspire them to think about science, technology, and society in new ways. Hence, science fiction can act as a bridge between reading and scientific awareness. (3) Another reason why science fiction is valuable is that it allows writers to address real-world issues in an imaginative manner. Through stories set in the future or in alternate realities, authors can explore environmental problems, social conflicts, and ethical dilemmas. In this way, science fiction provides a creative lens through which these problems can be examined. (4) However, science fiction is still not very popular in India. It is often seen as a niche genre rather than mainstream literature. There is a lack of dedicated publishing houses, strong marketing, and major literary platforms that focus on this genre. As a result, many readers remain unaware of the richness and variety of homegrown science fiction. (5) To promote science fiction in India, the author suggests encouraging translations into regional languages to broaden the audience base. Libraries and online platforms can host reading clubs and discussions to make science fiction more interactive and engaging. (6) In conclusion, science fiction has immense potential to grow in India. With the right support and exposure, it can become a powerful tool to inspire imagination, promote scientific thinking, and spark conversations about the future.

(1) Introduction : Nutrition plays a critical role in human development, especially during periods of growth, aging, and recovery. This case study explores the changing nutritional requirements across age groups — from children to the elderly ⎯ highlighting how dietary habits must adapt to support health and wellbeing. (2) Methodology : A team of dietitians conducted a three-month observational study across five schools, two universities, three workplaces, and two retirement communities. Nutritional intake was recorded using food diaries, and health parameters were monitored through BMI, energy levels, and blood reports. (3) Survey Examination : Participants were grouped into four age categories : children (6 – 12 years), adolescents (13 – 19 years), adults (20 – 59 years), and elderly (60+ years). Surveys assessed daily intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), alongside hydration habits and meal frequency. (4) Results : Children had higher energy and protein needs per kilogram of body weight, essential for growth and cognitive development. Adolescents showed increased calorie and calcium requirements due to rapid bone growth and hormonal changes. Adults required balanced intake to maintain weight and prevent chronic diseases, while the elderly needed more fibre, calcium and vitamin D to support bone health and digestion . Interestingly, adolescents consumed the most processed foods, while elderly participants had the most balanced diets due to regular meal routines. Adults often skipped meals due to work stress. Dehydration was common in both children and the elderly. (5) Implications and Interventions : The findings highlight the need for age-specific dietary education. In schools, awareness programmes on healthy snacks and hydration were introduced. For working adults, meal planning workshops and healthy vending machines were recommended. Retirement homes integrated vitamin D supplements and fibre-rich meals into weekly menus. Across all groups, hydration reminders were implemented using digital tools and scheduled water breaks. (6) Conclusion : Nutritional needs vary significantly with age, influenced by physical, cognitive, and lifestyle factors. Regular assessments and tailored interventions are essential for promoting long-term health across populations.

The study examines how nutritional requirements vary across different age groups, from childhood to old age. The study focuses on understanding how dietary needs change with age and the role of age-specific nutrition in supporting overall health and development. (2) Children and Adolescents : Children need sufficient energy and protein for growth and development. Adolescents require more calcium and iron to support bone development and prevent deficiencies. Balanced meals and school meal programmes were highlighted as effective interventions for this group. (3) Adults : Adults generally require balanced nutrition to maintain health and productivity. The study found that adults often benefit from portion control, reduced salt and sugar intake, and increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Workplaces were encouraged to promote healthier eating habits. (4) Elderly : The elderly require more fibre to aid digestion, along with foods rich in calcium, vitamin D, and protein to prevent bone loss and muscle decline. Easy-to-digest meals and nutrient-dense foods were recommended to support ageing bodies. (5) Special Recommendations : For infants, breast milk or appropriate formula was introduced. For working adults, meal planning workshops and healthy vending machines were recommended. Retirement homes integrated vitamin D supplements and fibre-rich meals into weekly menus. Across all groups, hydration reminders were implemented using digital tools and scheduled water breaks. (6) Conclusion : Nutritional needs vary significantly with age, influenced by physical, cognitive, and lifestyle factors. Regular assessments and tailored interventions are essential for promoting long-term health across populations.

“You are to come to the palace,” the man said. “The old General is in pain again.” “Oh,” Hana breathed, “is that all ?” “All ?” the messenger exclaimed. “Is it not enough ?” “Indeed it is,” she replied. “I am very sorry.” When Sadao came to say goodbye, she was in the kitchen, but doing nothing. The children were asleep and she sat merely resting for a moment, more exhausted from her fright than from work. “I thought they had come to arrest you,” she said.

And he added, “Because we are born into this community, we are never given any honour or dignity or respect; we are stripped of all that. But if we study and make progress, we can throw away these indignities. So study with care, learn all you can. ...”

And in dark hutments, next to lines of flames of flickering oil lamps, sit boys and girls with their fathers and mothers, welding pieces of coloured glass into circles of bangles. Their eyes are more adjusted to the dark than to the light outside. That is why they often end up losing their eyesight before they become adults.

But Champaran did not begin as an act of defiance. It grew out of an attempt to alleviate the distress of large numbers of poor peasants. This was the typical Gandhi pattern — his politics were intertwined with the practical, day-to-day problems of the millions. His was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living, human beings. In everything Gandhi did, moreover, he tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet and thus make India free.