CBSE(NCERT) GRADE 12 BIOLOGY 2022 SET4

The graph given below shows species-area relationship of a certain region. (i) Study the graph and explain what it represents. (ii) After a while, a small area was taken for constructing a road which divided the region into two. Write the impact this construction would have on species richness of the region.

Different species belonging to genus Trichoderma are useful to humans as well as to plants. Justify their roles by giving one instance of each.

How did Dr. David Tilman relate experimentally, the stability of a community and its species richness ? Explain.

(a) The graphs given below, A and B, represent population of elephants in two different National Parks (a hypothetical situation) at different times. Study the graphs and comment upon the pattern of growth observed. Mention the possible reason for such patterns seen in nature.

What are the consequences of loss of biodiversity in a region ? Explain.

Bacillus thuringiensis plays an important role in Integrated Pest Management strategy. Explain how. Name any two crops that are protected efficiently from pests.

With the help of a storyboard or a flowchart only, explain all the stages of how human insulin is produced through r-DNA technology.

(a) Explain the roles of (i) primary, and (ii) secondary lymphoid organs that are responsible for developing defence to combat the action of pathogens/foreign antigens which enter our body. (b) Doctors generally advise not to undergo surgery of tonsils. Why ?

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Causative agents of HIV-AIDS and COVID-19 belong to the same group of viruses. To diagnose and amplify the genetic material for further study of COVID-19, (a) (b) Explain the various steps of PCR technique.

(a) There are two different farm lands, one where Bt-cotton crop was cultivated and the other where non Bt-cotton crop (indigenous) was cultivated. Farmers responsible for this experimental cultivation were free to use the farming practices of their choice. During the cultivation period, the data was collected with respect to the amount of pesticide used, water required for irrigation and at harvesting time, the crop productivity. Based on the data collected, a bar graph was plotted which is shown below. Answer the following questions : (i) Write your interpretation, with reason, on the basis of the three parameters plotted in the graph. (ii) Which one of the crops would you like to cultivate in your farm and why ? (iii) Which one out of these two crops would a farmer from Rajasthan like to cultivate and why ? OR

(b) Gene of interest/alien gene is introduced by a cloning vector into a host cell to bring about a desired phenotypic expression in a host cell. The cloning vectors used are plasmid and bacteriophages. Biotechnologists in their labs, for desired results engineered specialised cloning vectors. One such vector is pBR322. Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow. 51=5 (i) their functions. (ii) Identify the gene you would select for the role of a selectable marker in pBR322. Explain why. (iii) Write the property/characteristic of plasmid and bacteriophage that makes them efficient cloning vectors. (iv) B cloning vector. Justify the statement. (v) Will the experiment be successful if the alien DNA is ligated at Hind III restriction site ? Give reason in support of your answer.