Q1
mcq
1 mark
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
- A. First Attorney General of India – K.K. Venugopal
- B. Newest High Court - Calcutta
- C. Supreme Court of India – 34 Judges
- D. Civil Law System – Judge made Laws
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Q2
mcq
1 mark
Priya maintained a savings account with a nationalised bank. Despite maintaining sufficient balance, several cheques issued by her were dishonoured, causing her financial loss and embarrassment. When her repeated written complaints to the bank went unanswered, she approached an independent authority established by the Reserve Bank of India to resolve disputes between customers and banks through a simple, cost-free mechanism. Which authority did Priya approach?
- A. Lokpal
- B. Lokayukta
- C. Banking Ombudsman
- D. Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
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Q3
mcq
1 mark
Atul agrees to sell his cottage to Binod for ₹ 5 lakhs. This agreement becomes a contract only when –
- A. The offer and acceptance are in writing.
- B. Both parties sign the agreement before witnesses.
- C. The agreement is enforceable by law.
- D. The consideration is paid immediately after acceptance.
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Q4
mcq
1 mark
The question contains two statements – Assertion (A) & Reason (R). Choose the correct answer using the codes below: Assertion (A): Section 89 of the CPC allows courts to refer disputes to alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration, mediation or conciliation before proceeding with trial. Reason (R): Courts under Section 89 of the CPC aim to reduce litigation costs and ensure faster and amicable settlement of disputes.
- A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
- B. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
- C. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
- D. (A) is false, but (R) is true.
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Q5
mcq
1 mark
Eastern Exports Pvt. Ltd. and Sunrise Traders, two companies, entered into a contract for the supply of organic spices. Their agreement contained an arbitration clause stating that any dispute arising out of quality, quantity, or delivery would be settled by arbitration. During the hearings, Eastern Exports accused Sunrise Traders of tax evasion and over-invoicing, and the arbitrator included those allegations while making his final decision. He directed Sunrise Traders to pay damages not only for delay in delivery but also for non-compliance with taxation norms. Sunrise Traders challenged the award in court, arguing that the arbitrator had acted beyond his authority. Which of the following is the most appropriate legal ground on which the arbitrator's decision can be set aside?
- A. Lack of authority of the arbitrator to enter into the contract.
- B. Improper appointment of the arbitrator
- C. The arbitrator exceeded the scope of the contract.
- D. The decision violates public policy in all respects.
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Q6
mcq
1 mark
In the law of torts, damages are termed unliquidated because –
- A. They are decided by agreement between the parties after the wrong occurs.
- B. They cannot be fixed in advance and depend on the court’s assessment of loss.
- C. They are awarded only when the wrong is intentional.
- D. They are always equal to the actual financial loss proved by the plaintiff.
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Q7
mcq
1 mark
Ankita, a professional chef, entered into an agreement with a local cafè to supply exotic drinks. The agreement required her to import a rare herb. Before she could fulfil the order, the import of this herb was banned under Indian law. Realizing that importing it would be illegal, Ankita informed the café that she could not perform the contract. The café insisted that the contrac
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Q8
mcq
1 mark
Mr. Sharma owns a farmhouse on the outskirts of the city. One afternoon, his neighbour, Mr. Kapoor, entered the farmhouse premises to take measurements for a boundary wall he was planning on his own property. Mr. Sharma had not given any permission for this. While taking the measurements, Mr. Kapoor accidentally stepped on some flower beds and caused minor damage. When confronted, Mr. Kapoor argued that he was only measuring his own property and did not intend any harm.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding Mr. Kapoor’s actions ?
- A. Mr. Kapoor has committed trespass to land, because he entered Mr. Sharma’s property without consent.
- B. Mr. Kapoor cannot be held liable since his intention was not to harm Mr. Sharma.
- C. Minor damage to the flower beds makes the act insignificant and not legally actionable.
- D. Mr. Sharma must prove financial loss to take any action.
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Q9
mcq
1 mark
Eco Green Industries, a manufacturing company, has recently reviewed its operations after facing public concern over rising emissions and waste generation. The management decided to install solar panels, recycle industrial water and switch to biodegradable packaging materials. Although these steps required heavy investment, the company justified them as essential for long-term growth and community well-being.
Eco Green Industries’ new approach best represents which of the following ideas of sustainable development ?
- A. Prioritizing present economic gains over future environmental needs.
- B. Achieving development that meets present needs without harming future generations.
- C. Halting industrial activities completely to preserve natural resources.
- D. Relying solely on government aid for implementing eco-friendly practices.
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Q10
mcq
1 mark
Ramesh, a young factory worker, was taken into police custody for questioning regarding a minor theft case. He was informed of the reason for detention and was produced before a magistrate within 24 hours. However, during his time in custody, he was subjected to severe physical torture by police officers, resulting in serious injuries. When the matter was later brought before the High Court, it held that such treatment violated one of the most fundamental constitutional rights of a citizen. Although Ramesh’s arrest procedure followed legal requirements, which constitutional right was still violated?
- A. Article 14 – Right to equality.
- B. Article 20 – Protection of rights of persons accused of crimes.
- C. Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty.
- D. Article 22 – Safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention.
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Q11
mcq
1 mark
Rohan and Meera formed an Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) called Design Craft Interiors. Each invested ₹ 5 lakh. While executing a client project, Rohan made a serious error, leading to a loss of ₹ 15 lakh. The client demanded full compensation from the LLP.
What will be Meera’s liability in this situation?
- A. Meera will be personally liable to pay ₹ 7.5 lakh as her share in the loss.
- B. Meera’s liability will be limited to her agreed capital contribution in the LLP.
- C. Meera will be liable only if she was directly involved in the wrongful act.
- D. Meera will be jointly liable for Rohan’s act as both are partners.
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Q12
mcq
1 mark
Rahul was taken into police custody on suspicion of theft. A few days later, his family was informed that he had died while in custody. The police claimed it was a case of suicide, but his family alleged torture by police officials. A non-governmental organization approached a statutory body at the national level that can take suo motu cognizance of custodial deaths, seek reports from the government and recommend compensation or prosecution of the erring officials.
Which of the following bodies has such powers?
- A. Supreme Court of India
- B. Central Vigilance Commission
- C. State Human Rights Commission
- D. National Human Rights Commission
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Q12
mcq
1 mark
The national level that can take suo motu cognizance of custodial deaths, seek reports from the government and recommend compensation or prosecution of the erring officials. Which of the following bodies has such powers ?
- A. Supreme Court of India
- B. Central Vigilance Commission
- C. State Human Rights Commission
- D. National Human Rights Commission
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Q13
mcq
1 mark
Assertion : (A) : The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote the realization of human rights by addressing issues such as poverty, gender equality and environmental protection.
Reason (R) : Progress made by a State in achieving SDGs contributes to fulfilling its human rights obligations.
Choose the correct option :
- A. Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
- B. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
- C. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
- D. (A) is false, but (R) is true.
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Q14
mcq
1 mark
A well-known social media influencer, Ananya, posted a video claiming that a restaurant, “Spice Villa,” serves unhygienic food and uses expired ingredients. The post went viral, leading to a significant drop in the restaurant’s sales. Later, it was proved that Ananya had never visited the restaurant and her claims were false. The restaurant filed a case against her.
Which of the following statements correctly identifies the legal position in this case ?
- A. Ananya’s statement amounts to defamation as it was false and harmed the restaurant’s reputation.
- B. Ananya’s statement is not defamation because she was merely exercising her freedom of speech.
- C. Ananya’s statement is not defamation since the statement did not cause physical harm.
- D. Ananya’s statement would not be defamation if Ananya could prove that her statement was true.
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Q15
mcq
1 mark
Rohan, a shopkeeper, was caught intentionally selling adulterated food products that could cause serious harm to consumers. The court imposed a fine and imprisonment to ensure that others in the market refrain from committing similar offences.
Which objective of criminal law does the court’s action primarily reflect ?
- A. Retribution
- B. Deterrence
- C. Rehabilitation
- D. Incapacitation
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Q16
mcq
1 mark
Ravi filed a suit against Suresh claiming ownership of a piece of land. While the case was still pending in court, Suresh sold the same land to Meera. Later, the court ruled in Ravi’s favour. Meera claimed ownership on the ground that she had purchased the property lawfully. Which of the following best explains the legal position?
- A. Meera’s purchase is valid as the sale deed was executed before the final judgment.
- B. The transfer is void because property cannot be sold during the pendency of a case.
- C. The transfer is not void but remains subject to the outcome of the pending litigation.
- D. The transfer is valid since Meera was not a party to the original suit.
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Q17
mcq
1 mark
A logistics company, Speed Haul Ltd., spent five years developing a unique software algorithm that optimizes delivery routes and significantly reduces fuel costs. The company kept the algorithm confidential and restricted employee access. The algorithm was not patented to maintain its secrecy. Later, a data analyst copied part of the code before resigning and sold it to a rival firm, which began using it for its own logistics operations. Which of the following statements correctly explains the legal position in this case?
- A. The algorithm qualifies as a trade secret protected under contractual and equitable obligations of confidentiality.
- B. The analyst can claim ownership as the creator since he contributed to developing the software during employment.
- C. Trade secrets have no legal protection in India due to the absence of a specific trade secret statute.
- D. The company must obtain a patent to legally prevent others from using the algorithm.
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Q18
mcq
1 mark
Statement I : The establishment of National Law School of India University (NLSIU), Bengaluru, marked the beginning of reform of legal education in India. Statement II : M.C. Setalvad pioneered the movement for reform in legal education and was instrumental in setting up NLSIU.
- A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
- B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
- C. Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
- D. Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
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Q19
mcq
1 mark
Raghav, a well-known lawyer with 15 years of practice before the Delhi High Court, was recently designated as a Senior Advocate by the court for his exceptional knowledge and contribution to constitutional law.
Soon after, one of his clients requested him to personally draft an affidavit and file a Vakalatnama in a civil matter before a district court. Raghav agreed, believing that his experience allowed him to handle the matter independently.
Under Section 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961, which statement correctly applies to this situation ?
- A. A Senior Advocate can perform all the functions of an ordinary advocate.
- B. A Senior Advocate cannot file a Vakalatnama or draft pleadings directly for a client.
- C. A Senior Advocate can appear only before the Supreme Court.
- D. A Senior Advocate may accept cases only through the Bar Council of India.
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Q20
mcq
1 mark
Rohit, a practicing advocate in India, often visits accident-prone areas near highways. Whenever he learns of a road accident, he rushes to the hospital, approaches the victims’ families and offers to “handle” their compensation claims in return for a fixed percentage of the awarded amount. He argues that he is merely “informing people of their legal rights”.
Which of the following best describes Rohit’s conduct ?
- A. It is valid if the victims voluntarily choose his services.
- B. It is permissible as he is promoting legal awareness among victims.
- C. It may amount to breach of client confidentiality if such cases are later publicised.
- D. It is unethical because it involves solicitation and commercialisation of the legal profession.
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Q21
short answer
2 marks
The President of India is appointing a new judge to a High Court. He consults only Chief Justice of India for finalising the appointment. Is this constitutionally valid? Justify your answer by referring to legal provisions.
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Q22
short answer
2 marks
Aarav is accused in a criminal case in India. His lawyer is actively involved in collecting evidence, cross examining witnesses and defending him in court. Aarav notices that the judge is only observing and evaluating the case on the basis of evidence presented, not interfering much in proceedings. Identify the type of legal system Aarav’s trial is based on and state one advantage of this system.
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Q24
short answer
2 marks
Rishabh sells a grove of Shisham trees to Manoj with the intention that Manoj will cut & use them for making furniture. Classify the property sold as movable and immovable giving legal reasoning.
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Q25
short answer
Reema, a poet writes an original poem and uploads it on her blog. A magazine republishes the poem without her permission, though mentioning her name as the author but without paying or crediting her as the copyright holder. Has any right of Reema under the Copyright Act, 1957 been violated by the magazine. Explain giving reasons.
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Q25
short answer
(b) A national authority is directed to review industrial pollution levels across the country and ensure that uniform standards for air and water quality are maintained. It also advises the Central Government on framing environmental policies. Identify this authority and mention the legislation under which it was established.
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Q26
short answer
2 marks
The Central Government issued a notification directing all State Governments to adopt a uniform fare system for intra-state bus services. A state government challenged the notification in the Supreme Court, arguing that it interfered with the state’s administrative powers. The Supreme Court examined the case and struck down the provisions of the notification for exceeding the powers of the Central Government under the Constitution. Identify the power exercised by the Supreme Court in this case and explain it briefly.
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Q26
short answer
2 marks
A member of a notified religious minority community filed a complaint before a statutory commission alleging delay in the allotment of a government shop, claiming it was due to discrimination based on his minority status. On review, the commission found that the complainant had not approached the concerned department or any other competent authority for redressal before filing the complaint. (a) Identify the statutory commission referred to in the case. (b) Will the complaint be admitted by the commission for action? If yes, why? If no, why not?
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Q27
short answer
2 marks
Explain how International Law differs from Domestic (Municipal) Law in terms of its binding authority and enforcement mechanism.
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Q28
short answer
2 marks
Neha, after being assigned a legal aid advocate, hires a private lawyer without informing the legal services authority. What action can be taken against her & why ?
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Q31
long answer
3 marks
Explain the doctrine of Basic Structure as an important element of Judicial review.
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Q32
long answer
Explain the constitutional provisions relating to the establishment of Tribunals in India.
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Q32
short answer
3 marks
Keshav transferred his house to his childhood friend Sudama by way of ‘gift’. Unfortunately, Sudama died before accepting the ‘gift’. With reference to the above facts, answer the following: (i) Explain the meaning of ‘gift’ as per Section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. (ii) Identify the ‘donor’ and the ‘donee’ in the above transaction. (iii) State the effect of Sudama’s demise on the transfer.
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Q33
short answer
Rita & Shyam are involved in a property dispute and prefer a resolution without going to court. They want to maintain control over the outcome and not be told what is a fair solution. Identify the type of mediation they should opt for. State any two characteristics of this form of mediation.
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Q33
long answer
3 marks
(a) Explain the primary sources of International Law under Article 38(1) of the statute of The International Court of Justice (ICJ).
OR
(b) Why was the International Criminal Court (ICC) established? Analyse how its jurisdiction, as mentioned in the Rome Statute, is more restricted than that of ordinary criminal courts.
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Q34
short answer
3 marks
How does the mediation identified in (a) above differ from evaluative mediation ?
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Q34
short answer
3 marks
In 2024, international media reported large-scale atrocities committed against a minority community in Ravania, where thousands of civilians were subjected to torture and forced displacement by government forces. Although the violations occurred entirely within Ravania’s borders, the government of Norland, a distant country, filed a complaint before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), urging the global community to intervene and hold Ravania accountable for these grave atrocities.
(a) Identify and explain the type of obligation under international law that allows Norland to take such action against Ravania.
(b) How does International human rights law empower states like Norland in addressing such violations?
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Q35
long answer
3 marks
Both strict liability and negligence deal with causing harm, yet they differ in the role of carelessness in establishing liability. Analyse this statement with the help of relevant case laws.
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Q35
short answer
3 marks
A dispute arose between a passenger and a government transport service regarding damage to goods during transit. The passenger approached a forum established under the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002. The forum first tried to settle the matter through conciliation. When no settlement was reached, it proceeded to decide the case and passed an award that both parties were required to follow. Identify the forum mentioned in the case and explain how the procedure followed by it makes it distinct from ordinary courts.
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Q36
long answer
"Ownership of property does not itself confer the right to transfer it." In this context, analyse the competencies of the transferor under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
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Q38
long answer
5 marks
What is meant by discharge of contract? Illustrate your answer with reference to the following situations, commenting on the liability of parties and damages, wherever applicable.
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Q39
long answer
5 marks
The introduction of the One Person Company (OPC) under the Companies Act, 2013 represents a significant shift from traditional individual business models in India. Analyze how the OPC structure attempts to merge the advantages of corporate identity with single ownership and evaluate its distinction from a Sole Proprietorship with reference to liability, legal status and continuity.
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Q41
short answer
3 marks
State the significance of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in relation to free legal aid in India?
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Q42
short answer
Describe the main provisions related to the selection, tenure and duties of panel lawyers under the National Legal Services Authority (Free and Competent Legal Services Regulation), 2010 (NALSA Regulations, 2010).
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Q43
short answer
5 marks
Read the following situations and answer whether the citizen’s Fundamental Right under Article 19 has been violated, justify with reference to relevant clause of Article 19.
A political cartoonist published satirical sketches exposing instances of corruption in local administration. The posts gained wide public support and criticism of certain officials but caused no violence or disturbance. The government banned his online content citing “offence to public order.”
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Q44
short answer
5 marks
Read the following situations and answer whether the citizen’s Fundamental Right under Article 19 has been violated, justify with reference to relevant clause of Article 19.
Ravi, an environmental engineer from Lucknow, is appointed to oversee a government-approved eco-housing project in a hilly area of Meghalaya. When he applies to purchase land in a village notified for the protection of the interests of a Scheduled Tribe, his request is declined by the District Administration. Ravi argues that this denial violates his right to reside and settle anywhere in India.
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Q46
short answer
Ramesh owns a company that supplies mineral water for large public events. He entered into a contract with the municipal corporation to supply 5,000 litres of bottled water for a three-day cultural festival in a remote town. On 9th November, a massive landslide blocked all access roads to the town and destroyed Ramesh’s delivery trucks. As a result, it became physically impossible for Ramesh to deliver the water to the festival venues on the scheduled dates. Ramesh informs the municipal corporation about the situation.
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Q47
short answer
Neha, the owner of a high-end boutique in Delhi, entered into a written contract with Arjun, a textile supplier, for the delivery of 100 custom-designed silk shirts by 1st October, specifically meant for her Diwali fashion launch on 3rd October. The contract expressly mentioned that “time is of the essence”. Arjun, however, delivered the shirts on 18th October, citing transport delays and shortage of skilled labour. By then, Neha had already sourced substitute stock from another supplier at a 25% higher cost and suffered a loss of business reputation and unsold festive inventory.
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Q49
long answer
Rita was found dead under mysterious circumstances within three years of her marriage. Her parents alleged continuous harassment for dowry by her husband and in-laws. During trial, the defence argued that the prosecution failed to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt, invoking the golden thread principle of criminal law. However, the court relied on the presumption of guilt under the dowry death provision.
Explain how the ‘golden thread principle’ operates in criminal law. Analyze why, in certain cases like dowry death, the burden of proof shifts to the accused under the reverse onus clause.
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Q50
short answer
1 mark
Name the body where Aditi will apply for enrolment as an advocate. After enrolment, when can she start practising law in India ?
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Q51
short answer
1 mark
What condition must Ben’s foreign law degree satisfy for him to be eligible to practise law in India ?
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Q52
short answer
1 mark
Which law program should Chintan choose after his MBA to become eligible to practise law in India ?
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Q53
short answer
2 marks
Suppose Aditi wishes to become an Advocate-on-Record in future, explain the eligibility criteria and procedure she must follow.
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Q54
short answer
2 marks
Which career path is Riya pursuing and what type of work will she be involved in ? Mention one key skill or knowledge area Riya must develop to succeed in transactional law.
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Q55
short answer
1 mark
How is Meera contributing to the public policy sector, and what opportunities does it offer law graduates ?
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Q56
short answer
2 marks
What kind of legal work will Anika perform in the JAG Department?
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