TN State Board 12th Botany Question Paper 2021

Pedogenesis is the process of soil formation from parent rock material through weathering. Population, Fossils, and Water are unrelated to the scientific study or formation of soil.

AUG is the universal initiation codon that codes for Methionine in eukaryotes and N-formylmethionine in prokaryotes. UUU codes for Phenylalanine, while UAG and UGA are termination (stop) codons.

A niche refers to the functional role and position of an organism within its environment, including how it uses resources and interacts with other species. Habitat is just the physical place where it lives; biome and landscape are broader ecological scales.

A test cross is specifically used to determine the genotype of an individual displaying a dominant phenotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual. Back cross is broader, and Pedigree/Dihybrid crosses are not standard methods for genotype determination of a single trait.

Mendel studied seven pairs of contrasting traits in pea plants: stem height, flower color, flower position, pod shape, pod color, seed shape, and seed color. He did not use pod length as a specific variable trait in his classic experiments.