TN State Board 12th Microbiology Question Paper 2023

CLSM stands for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, and LCSM stands for Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy. Both are the same optical imaging technique. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) is an electron-based technique, not optical.

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) provides 3D images (1-iii). TEM provides 2D internal structural images (2-i). Fluorescence microscopy is used for observing organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis by detecting fluorescence (3-iv). Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) allows for the observation of unstained living cells (4-ii).

Alcohol (usually 70% ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol) is commonly used to disinfect medical instruments like thermometers because it is effective against most vegetative bacteria and is non-corrosive to the glass and materials used in thermometers.

Quaternary ammonium salts, such as benzalkonium chloride, are frequently used as preservatives in ophthalmic solutions due to their effectiveness against a wide range of bacteria at low concentrations and their relative safety for ocular tissues.

A holoenzyme is the complete, catalytically active form of an enzyme. It consists of the protein component (apoenzyme) and a non-protein component known as a cofactor. Therefore, Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme.