CBSE(NCERT) GRADE 12 LEGAL STUDIES 2025 SET1

In a landmark case, the Supreme Court was handling a highly technical environmental dispute involving multiple stakeholders and scientific complexities. Given the intricate details of environmental policies and scientific evidence, the Court appointed an amicus curiae, an expert in environmental law and science, to assist by providing impartial information and insights on the matter. The amicus curiae made recommendations based on international standards, which helped the Court in reaching its final decision. Based on the concept of amicus curiae, which of the following statements is correct ?

Based on the concept of amicus curiae, which of the following statements is correct ?

A High Court in India issues a verdict in a complex property dispute, which left one party dissatisfied with the decision. The aggrieved party seeks to challenge the verdict by filing an appeal. Under Article 136, the Supreme Court can grant special leave to appeal against a judgment, decree or order of which of the following?

A High Court in India issues a verdict in a complex property dispute, which left one party dissatisfied with the decision. The aggrieved party now seeks to approach the Supreme Court for special leave to appeal. Under Article 136, the Supreme Court can grant special leave to appeal against any judgement, decree or order in any matter passed by :

Assertion : (A) : Any public-spirited person can file petition or write letters to court on behalf of aggrieved persons. Reasoning (R) : Courts have liberalized the doctrine of locus standi of the enforcement of fundamental rights through Public Interest Litigations (PILs).

Arjun, at the request of the local community leader, builds a playground for the children in his neighborhood, spending a considerable amount of his own money. Later, Ravi, a local snack vendor, sets up a stall near the playground to sell snacks to children and promises to give Arjun 10% of his profits from all sales as a token of appreciation for building the playground. However, Ravi fails to pay Arjun the promised percentage, and Arjun decides to take legal action to recover it. Based on contract law principles, which of the following is correct ?

Ravi, at a local market, was involved in an argument with Mohan over a disputed transaction. In the heat of the argument, Ravi suddenly pushed Mohan forcefully, causing Mohan to stumble backward and fall. Mohan suffered a minor injury to his back as a result of the fall. Mohan believes that Ravi’s action was an intentional physical contact that resulted in harm, and he is considering suing Ravi for the tort of battery. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the tort of battery in this case ?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the tort of battery in this case?

Raj signs a contract to perform at a music festival. A few days before the festival, Raj develops a severe illness and doctors advise him complete rest. He misses the performance. Organisers of the event had to cut a sorry figure as Raj’s performance was the highlight of the music festival. Which of the given statements best describes Raj’s inability to perform at the festival ?

Neha, a photographer, takes a beautiful photograph of a sunset and posts it on her personal blog. A local travel magazine uses the image without Neha’s permission. The publishers credit Neha as the photographer but do not pay her or seek her consent. Neha considers taking legal action against the magazine. In this context which of the following options is correct?

A company, XYZ Corp., operates a large dam to generate electricity. Due to an unforeseen design flaw the dam suddenly bursts, causing massive flooding in a nearby town. The company had taken all standard safety measures and had no knowledge of the design flaw. The affected residents sue the company for damages. Which of the following is applicable in this instance ?

Mohan lends his rare antique vase to his friend Sumit for a week. Instead of returning it, Sumit accidentally drops and shatters the vase while showing it to another friend. When Mohan asks for his vase to be returned, Sumit apologizes but says there is nothing he can do now that the vase is destroyed. Mohan decides to take legal action. Identify the legal claim he should pursue ?

From the options given below, which statement accurately describes the process of property registration in India ?

In a criminal trial in a country in continental Europe, the judge, Judge Helena plays an active role in investigating the case. She questions the witnesses, evaluates the evidences presented by the parties and orders additional forensic test. The defense lawyer, Mr. Jameson, expresses concern that the judge’s active involvement in the investigation may undermine the fairness of the trial. In the given content, identify the probable disadvantage of the justice dispensation system that is concerning for the defense lawyer.

An advantage of _________ is that there is no strict application of the procedural laws and the disputing parties can directly interact with the judges.

Omega Builders and Delta Constructions have a dispute over project delays. The court suggest mediation, but Omega Builders is unsure if their case qualifies. According to the Afcons Infrastructure Ltd. vs. Cherian Varley Construction Co. ruling, which disputes are generally excluded from mediation?

Statement 1 : Opinio juris prevents unwanted general practice from becoming customary law. Statement 2 : Opinio juris is the belief that an action was carried out as a legal obligation. Choose the correct option :

Assertion : (A) : The Solicitor Regulation Authority (SRA) does not impose any formal experience requirement for requalifying as solicitor in England and Wales. Reasoning (R) : It is not possible to be a barrister and solicitor.

Me Ling Hang-Kang is a practicing lawyer. She is planning a marketing campaign to attract more clients. Which of the following is a possible option for her?

Assertion : (A) : A Senior Advocate is not entitled to appear in the Supreme Court without an Advocate-on-record. Reasoning (R) : Advocates-on-record are entitled to file an appearance or act for a party in the Supreme Court.

In light of the principles enshrined in Article 39A, which of the following circumstances contradicts its core objective of equal justice and free legal aid ?

“Most accused persons do not lead defence evidence in India.” Identify the reason for this from the options given below.

Statement 1 : The Evidence Law helps the judges to separate the ‘Wheat from the Chaff ’. Statement 2 : The function of the law of evidence is to provide a mechanism for the investigation and trial of offenders. Choose the correct option :

Explain the principle of judicial review.

Sunil and Asha are co-founders of a tech-startup. Recently they had a contractual disagreement with their software vendor regarding the delivery timeline of a critical project. Sunil insisted on filing a lawsuit, whereas Asha suggested resolution by appointing a neutral third party who could facilitate the parties in achieving an acceptable, voluntary agreement. Sunil agreed and their matter was resolved within two weeks. (i) Identify the method of dispute resolution adopted by Sunil and Asha. (ii) Give any two advantages of adopting alternate dispute resolution mechanism by the parties.

A nation engages in human rights violations within its own borders, including acts of genocide against a specific ethnic group. Under ergaomnes obligations, what are the legal responsibilities of the international community, even if there is no direct threat to neighbouring states?

(a) Describe, citing any two examples, how the rules of advertising by lawyers differs from country to country. OR (b) During a court proceeding, an advocate finds out that their client intends to provide false evidence. What should the advocate do in this situation to adhere to their professional duty toward the court and uphold ethical standards?

(a) State the purpose of the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act 2002. OR (b) Enlist any four legal services given to any beneficiary under the provision of free legal aid.

Jai, a business owner, enters into an agreement with Sana, a government official. Jai promises to pay Sana ` 10 lakhs in exchange for her influence in securing a lucrative government contract for his company. Both parties sign the agreement and begin to execute it. Identify the nature of this agreement and discuss the legal consequences for both parties involved.

A group of citizens in a city regularly engages in public protests against government policies. During one protest, some individuals damage public property, disrupt traffic, and use offensive language. The protestors claim that they are exercising their right to freedom of speech and expression. Is the claim by the protestors justified? How do the Fundamental Duties under Article 51A of the Constitution of India apply in this situation?

(a) State any two key features of the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution. OR (b) Give any two differences between fundamental rights and human rights.

(a) Name the statutory body that was constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. State the two principal functions to be performed by this body.

(b) State the significance of the Stockholm Declaration, 1972. Establish the relationship between Stockholm Declaration, 1972 and Earth Summit, 1992.

What are the key principles outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and how do they reflect the foundational values of human dignity, freedom and equality ?

In a juveniles custodial home, several juveniles report being subject to harsh disciplinary measures, including excessive physical punishment and prolonged isolation. Some also mentioned that their complaints about inadequate food and unsanitary living conditions are being ignored by the school administration. Identify the national body which can be approached. How can this body address the violation of the rights of juveniles ?

Sneha started a beauty care brand called “Glow Essence”, offering organic skin care products. Within a year her brand gained popularity for its quality and natural ingredients. However, Sneha discovered that another company was selling low quality skin care products under the similar name leading to confusion among customers. This damaged her brand’s reputation. On consulting a legal expert Sneha learned that “Glow Essence” is a trade name and not a trade mark. She initiated the registration process. (i) Differentiate between a trade name and a trade mark. (ii) Explain, how registration of “Glow Essence” benefit Sneha.

The countries of Novara and Elderia are in a dispute over the construction of a dam on the river Nelara – with Elderia bringing the case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Novara argues that past ICJ rulings in similar cases should guide the decision, while Elderia insists on a fresh interpretation of the law. Analyze how Articles 59, 38 and 38(1) of the Statute of ICJ would influence the court’s decision-making in this case.

Vikram, a skilled graphic designer, has been running his design studio as a sole proprietorship. Over time, his business has grown, and he started handling larger projects with higher risks. While he enjoys the simplicity of managing his sole proprietorship, he is worried about his personal liability if something goes wrong. On the advice of his friend, Vikram is considering converting his business into a One Person Company (OPC) to limit his liability and improve his business’s credibility. Based on the above case, compare Sole proprietorship and One Person Company (OPC). Which form of business entity would be better for Vikram and why ?